fc  O  J 


INDIAN  NOTES 
AND  MONOGRAPHS 


EDITED  BY  F.  W.  HODGE 


A  SERIES  OF  PUBLICA- 
TIONS RELATING  TO  THE 
AMERICAN  ABORIGINES 


STRING  RECORDS  OF  THE 
NORTHWEST 


J.  D  .'•  AN 

AND 

TON 


.NKVV  YORK 

MUSEUM  OF  THS  AMERICAN  INDIAN 
HEYE  fOtfNDAXION 

1921 


51 

N4-3km 

-71O,   \lo 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT   LOS  ANGELES 


STRING  RECORDS—  LEECHMAN 


CASECONTAINING  STRING  RECORD  1,  NICOLA  VALLEY,  B.  C. 
(Width,  3  in.) 


INDIAN  NOTES 
AND  MONOGRAPHS 

EDITED  BY  F.  W.  HODGE 


A  SERIES  OF  PUBLICA- 
TIONS RELATING  TO  THE 
AMERICAN  ABORIGINES 


STRING  RECORDS  OF  THE 
NORTHWEST 

BY 

J.  D.  LEECHMAN 

AND 

M.  R.  HARRINGTON 


NEW  YORK 

MUSEUM  OF  THE  AMERICAN  INDIAN 

HEYE  FOUNDATION 

1921 


/  n 


3 

CONTENTS 

PAGE 

.String  Records  of  the  Northwest         .   .          5 

Some  String  Records  of  the  Yakima  48 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

PL.      I.     Case  containing  String  Record  1, 
Nicola  valley,  B.  C..  .  .Frontispiece 
II.     String    Record   1   after    removal 
from  case,  Nicola  valley,  B.  C.       8 
III.     Additional  contents  of  String  Rec- 
ord case,  Nicola  valley,  B.  C.       9 
IV.     Typical  sections  of  String  Record 
1,  Nicola  valley,  B.  C  12 

V.     Typical  sections  of  String  Record 
2,  Yakima,  Washington,  L.  V. 
McWhorter  collection     ...         13 

VI.     Typical  sections  of  String  Records 
4  and  6,  Yakima,  Washington.     48 

FIG.    1.    Weekly  calendar  of  the  Kiowa.  ..     63 

INDIAN  NOTES 

41443,1 


STRING  RECORDS  OF  THE 
NORTHWEST 

BY  J.  D.  LEECHMAN 

HE  custom  of  keeping  biographical 
records  by  means  of  knots  tied 
in  string  seems  to  be  restricted, 
in  North  America,  to  the  interior 
Salish  and  neighboring  tribes  of  the  North- 
west. One  specimen  of-  such  a  record  has 
been  seen  by  the  author  from  Nicola  valley 
in  southern  British  Columbia,  and  two  from 
the  neighborhood  of  Yakima,  Washington, 
mention  of  such  records  is  made  in  any 
of  the  literature  dealing  with  this  district 
to  which  the  author  has  had  access,  and  it 
is  believed  that  their  existence  is  not 
generally  recognized. 

These  records  differ  from  the  quipu  of 
South  America  in  that  their  basic  principle 
is  chronological  and  not  numerical.  While 
the  quipu  is  based  on  the  decimal  system, 


INDIAN    NOTES 


STRING    RECORDS 


and  consists  of  a  main  cord  with  dependent 
strings,1  the  records  here  described  are 
formed  of  one  string  only,  with  groups  of 
simple  knots  tied  in  it,  each  knot  represent- 
ing a  day  and  each  group  apparently  a  week, 
though  many  of  the  groups  consist  of  more 
or  less  than  seven  knots,  and  so  an  irregular- 
ity is  introduced  which  is  not  easy  of 
explanation. 

These  knots  are  frequently  distinguished 
by  various  markers  which  differ  in  color, 
size,  material,  and,  apparently,  in  impor- 
tance, and  are  not  of  necessity  placed  at 
regular  intervals.  In  one  record  (Spec.  2), 
the  property  of  Mr  L.  V.  McWhorter,  of 
Yakima,  which  he  was  good  enough  to 
lend  for  examination  and  illustration,  the 
markers  are  at  practically  regular  intervals, 
while  the  knots  are  usually  in  groups  of 
seven.  He  states  that  the  markers,  in  this 
case  beads,  indicate  moons,  and  as  they 
occur  every  twenty-eight  knots,  this  seems 
to  be  a  correct  explanation.  In  the  speci 
men  from  Nicola  valley  (Spec.  1),  however, 
this  theory  falls  to  the  ground,  for  the  spac- 


INDIAN    NOTES 


NORTHWESTERN 

7 

ing  of  both  markers  and  groups  is  very 

irregular. 

It  appears  from  the  statements  of  inform- 

ants that  such  a  biographical  record  is  often 

commenced,  by  the  mother,  at  the  birth  of 

the   child,   and   that  it  serves  not  only  to 

record  its  age  but  any  unusual  happenings 

in  its  life.    A  letter  from  Mr  James  Teit, 

of  Spence's  Bridge,  British  Columbia,  well 

known  for  his  ethnological  studies  of  the 

Salish  Indians,   gives   the  following  infor- 

mation: 

There  seems  to  be  little  doubt  of  its  being  a 

record  such  as  numbers  of  the  old  Indians  used 

to  keep.     I  have  seen  several  of  them  in  use. 

These  records  are  individual  and  therefore  can- 

not be  interpreted  correctly  or  even  approxi- 

mately in  most  cases  by  any  other  than  the 

owner.     Days,  weeks,  months,  and  years  are 

marked  by  different  knots  or  marks,  different 

individuals  using  somewhat  different  systems. 

Other   markers   generally   representing   special 

happenings  or  dates  consist  of  attachments  or 

wrappings  of  rag,  bark,  string,  hair,  sinew,  etc. 

Colors  are  occasionally  used  in  a  systematic 

way.     Other  records   are   made   on   hide   and 

wood,  generally  by  notching,  etc.,  and  some- 

times  painting,    etc.,    but   string   records   are 

much  more  common.     You  speak  of  the  mate- 

rial koiskana  —  ko-is  or  kwoes  is  the  name  of  the 

AND    MONOGRAPHS 

8 

STRING    RECORDS 

material,  the  name  koiskana  being  that  of  a 
place  seemingly  originating  from  the  name  of 
the  material.     Some  necklaces  used  in  this  dis- 

trict consisted  of  bark  or  buckskin  with  knots 

and  wrappings  of  hair,  etc.,  between,  but  it 
seems  your  specimen  is  evidently  a  record. 

Inquiries   among   the   Indians   of   Cape 

Flattery  and  Puget  sound  have  resulted  in 

answers  which  lead  to  the  conclusion  that 

this   system   of   records   was   unknown   to 

them. 

Another  record  (Spec.  3),  at  present  in 

the  Museum  at  the  University  of  Washing- 

ton, was  lent  to  the  author  for  the  purpose 

of  securing  a  photograph,  but  permission 

to  unwind  the  ball  was  not  obtained.     It  is 

tied   into   knots   as   are   the   others,   with 

markers  of  beads  and  shells,  but  it  was  not 

possible  to  confirm  the  impression  that  these 

markers  are  arranged  in  groups  indicating 

lunar  phases,  as  in  the  Yakima  specimen. 

The  specimen  from  Nicola  valley  (Spec. 

1)  is  now  in  the  Museum  of  the  American 

Indian,  Heye  Foundation,  and  was  found 

by  the  writer  in  1911,  hanging  on  a  corner- 

post  of  a  fence  surrounding  an  Indian  grave 

in  a  cemetery  near  the  Indian  village  of 

INDIAN    NOTES 

STRING   RECORDS— LEECHMAN 


STRING   RECORD  1   AFTER  REMOVAL  FROM  CASE 
NICOLA  VALLEY.  B.  C. 
(Diameter  of  b,  2.8  in.) 


STRING    RECORDS— LEECHMAN 


ADDITIONAL    CONTENTS  OF  STRING   RECORD  CASE,   NICOLA 

VALLEY.  B.  C. 
(Length  of  d.  1.5  in.) 


NICOLA    VALLEY 


Tsulus,  in  Nicola  valley,  about  four  miles 
north  of  Merritt,  British  Columbia. 

It  is  a  carefully  made  bag  of  deerskin 
(pi.  i),  provided  with  a  single  loop  of  the 
same  material  attached  at  the  back,  and 
secured  in  front  by  a  single  button,  appar- 
ently an  ordinary  metal  trousers  button. 
In  it  were  found  the  following  objects: 

(1)  A  large  ball  of  string  (pi.  n,  a),  com- 
posed principally  of  the  bark  of  the  dogbane 
(Apocynum  canabinum)  known  to  the  Indians 
as    kois.     The    string  is   about  180  feet  in 
length   and   is   tied  into  more  than  6,600 
simple  knots. 

(2)  A  smaller  ball  of  cord  of  the  same 
material  (pi.  II,  b),  about  33  feet  long  and 
tied  into  about  1,400  knots. 

(3)  A  third  cord  (pi.  in,  b),  not  rolled  into 
a  ball,  seven  feet  long  and  tied  into  308  knots. 

(4)  A  brass  button  (pi.  in,  c),  0.7  in.  in 
diameter,  with  an  ornate  design  represent- 
ing a  tree  and  butterflies  in  bold  relief.     A 
wing  appears  on  each  side  of  the  trunk  of 
the   tree.     The  button  has  a  plain  metal 
back  with  a  metal  shank  for  attaching  it  to 
clothing,  and  is  spotted  with  verdigris. 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


10 


STRING    RECORDS 


(5)  A  leather  shoe-lace,  16  in.  in  length, 
(pi.   in,   o)4  with    24  knots   fairly  equally 
spaced,  but  occupying  only  7.5  in.,  the  re- 
mainder of  the  strip  being  without  knots. 

(6)  Four    dentalium    shells   (pi.   in,   d), 
threaded  on  fine  strips  of  sinew.     The  shells 
are  of  slightly  different  lengths,  as  follows: 
0.6  in.,  0.98  in.,  1.12  in.,  1.08  in.     The  four 
sinew   threads  on  which   they   are   strung 
are  attached  at  their  ends  to  a  small  bit 
of  leather  so  that  the  shells  lie  parallel  to 
one  another  and  in  the  same  plane. 

The  larger  ball  was  tightly  wound.  Com- 
mencing at  the  inner  end  the  knots  were 
tied  in  groups  (pi.  iv,  a,  b,  c),  following  an 
initial  blank  space  about  two  inches  long, 
as  shown  in  the  Table,  Specimen  1,  a,  pp. 
16-35. 

The  smaller  ball  has  a  loose  piece  of  string 
(pi.  in,  e;  iv,  h,  i,  j),  wrapped  round  it, 
about  33  in.  in  length,  knotted  as  shown  in 
the  Table,  Specimen  1.  b,  p.  36. 

After  unwinding  about  11.5  ft.  of  the 
ball  itself,  it  was  found  to  be  tied  about 
with  a  strip  of  kois,  passed  three  times 
round  the  ball  and  then  tied  in  a  half-bow. 


INDIAN    NOTES 


YAKIM A 

A  little  more  than  two  feet  of  the  inner  end 
of  the  string  is  left  unrestrained  by  the 
aand.  No  knot  was  found  at  the  free  end 
of  this  string,  in  which  respect  it  differs  from 
all  the  others.  It  is  knotted  as  shown  in  the 
Table,  Specimen  1,  c,  pp.  37-38. 

The  shortest  string  (pi.  in,  b;  vi,  d,  e,f,  g), 
which  is  not  included  in  either  of  the  two 
balls,  is  6  ft.  11.25  in.  in  length,  and  is 
notable  for  more  variations  in  color  than  any 
of  the  others.  It  is  knotted  as  shown  in  the 
Table,  Specimen  1,  d,  pp.  39-41. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  rule  is  six  knots 
in  a  group,  though  there  are  many  excep- 
tions. The  general  character  of  the  knots 
and  markers  on  these  strings  may  be  seen 
in  pi.  iv.  In  the  specimen  from  Yakima 
owned  by  Mr  McWhorter  (Spec.  2),  as 
shown  in  the  Table,  pp.  42-47,  seven  knots 
in  the  group  is  almost  invariable,  which 
makes  it  much  easier  to  fit  into  our  calen- 
dar. The  space  between  groups  is  probably 
to  be  considered  as  marking  Sunday  in  the 
Nicola  and  similar  valley  specimens. 

Specimen  2  is  thus  described  by  Mr 
McWhorter:  "I  am  sending  you  .  . 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


12 


STRING    RECORDS 


one  of  the  string  records,  not  thinking  it 
necessary  to  send  both,  since  they  are  prac- 
tically identical  duplicates.  Both  pertain  to 
the  record  age  of  a  boy,  first  twenty  years, 
knot  for  each  day.  In  the  years  it  is  the 
only  specimen -of  its  kind  that  I  have  ever 
been  able  to  secure."  In  a  later  letter  he 
adds  that  the  specimen,  when  he  received 
it,  was  wound  on  a  piece  of  card  instead  of 
being  spherical.  "Usually,"  says  Mr  Mc- 
Whorter,  "these  relics  are  highly  prized 
by  the  owners." 

On  examination,  this  record  was  found 
to  be  40  ft.  long  and  tied  into  1,238  knots 
which  are  arranged  with  few  exceptions 
in  groups  of  seven,  as  may  be  seen  in  the 
typical  sections  shown  in  pi.  v.  There  are 
44  markers,  all  beads,  and  they  are  placed 
regularly  after  every  28  knots,  with  occa- 
sional exceptions.  The  material  throughout 
the  string  is,  as  in  the  preceding  specimen, 
dogbane  (Apocynum),  the  Yakima  name 
for  which  is  taxu's,  according  to  Dr  Water- 
man. The  record  is  carefully  made,  but 
here  and  there  small  shreds  of  the  outer 
bark  still  adhere  to  the  fiber.  Its  color  is 


INDIAN    NOTES 


STRING    RECORDS—  LEECHMAN 


1 
9 

/' 

T 

u 

J 

\ 

! 

i 
i 

1 

TYPICAL  SECTIONS  OF  STRING   RECORD    1.    NICOLA 

VALLEY,  B.  C. 
(Length  of  sections,  6.5  in.) 


STRING   RECORDS— LEECHMAN 


< 
I 

f         « 


TYPICAL  SECTIONS  OF  STRING   RECORD  2.   YAKIMA. 
WASHINGTON.     L.  V.   McWHORTER  COLLECTION 


Y  A  K  I  M  A 

buff,  with  the  exception  of  one  short  length 
of  less  than  an  inch,  where  it  is  stained  red, 
apparently  without  intention. 

It  is  very  regular  in  knotting  and 
marking,  as  will  be  noticed  in  the  tabulation, 
which  starts  from  the  inner  end.  It  is 
worthy  of  note  that  the  first  two  or  three 
inches  of  the  string  are  made  with  great 
care  and  the  knots  are  small,  perhaps 
symbolical  of  the  smallness  of  the  child 
and  of  the  care  it  needed. 

It  is  difficult  to  agree  with  Mr  McWhor- 
ter's  belief  that  this  record  covers  a  period 
of  twenty  years,  as  only  forty-three  lunar 
months  are  shown.  It  is  probable  that  he 
has  misunderstood  his  informant  or  that  the 
latter  was  in  error  himself.  The  occasional 
occurrence  of  six  knots  in  a  group  where 
seven  would  be  expected  may  be  laid  to 
errors  on  the  part  of  the  maker,  but  the 
solution  of  the  tens  and  the  twelve  offers 
greater  difficulties.  It  is  not  probable  that 
these  Indians  were  sufficiently  expert 
calendar  makers  to  reckon  intercalary 
days,  and  the  use  of  the  beads  shows  that 
the  whites  had  already  penetrated  the 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


STRING    RECORDS 


country  so  that  in  all  probability  our 
system  of  time-keeping  had  been  adopted 
by  them. 

The  specimen  in  the  Museum  at  the 
University  of  Washington  (Spec.  3)  is 
similar  to  the  others,  except  that  it  is  made  of 
buckskin  instead  of  the  native  fiber-string 
employed  in  the  other  examples.  It  makes 
a  ball  about  five  inches  in  diameter,  and  the 
markers  seen  consist  of  beads.  Whether 
other  markers  are  used  or  not,  and  whether 
they  are  placed  at  regular  intervals,  it  is 
impossible  to  determine,  as  permission  to 
unwind  the  ball  could  not  be  obtained.  The 
label  states  that  it  is  the  history  of  an  old 
woman  of  the  Yakima,  and  no  other  infor- 
mation concerning  it  is  available.  One  of 
the  markers  visible  in  the  illustration  con- 
sists of  a  disc  of  mother-of-pearl;  another  is 
a  little  brass  bell,  and  a  third  is  a  shell 
resembling  a  cowry. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  it  has  not  been 
possible  to  obtain  an  explanation  of  the 
markers  on  any  of  these  records  from  its 
original  owner.  Those  to  whom  Speci- 
mens 1  and  3  belonged  are  dead,  and  what 


INDIAN    NOTES 


NORTHWESTERN 

15 

little  information  we  have  concerning  Speci- 
men 2  is  obviously  incorrect.     It  is  possible 
that  the  owner  of  this  is  still  living,  but  no 
information  as  to  his  identity  is  available. 

Mr  Teit's  statement  that  he  has  seen  these 

records  in  use,  leads  to  the  hope  that  an 
accurate  interpretation  may  still  be  obtained 
before  their  use  is  abandoned.     It  would  be 

of  great  interest  to  know  what  events  were 
considered  worthy  of  record,  and  just  how 
accurate   was   the   remembrance   of   them, 
when,  as  is  the  case  in  Specimen  1,  there 
are  altogether  more  than  a  hundred  markers, 
and  no  two  of  them  are  identical. 

NOTE 

1.  Leland  Locke,  The  Ancient  Quipu,  a  Peru- 
vian Knot  Record,  American  Anthropolo- 
gist, N.  s.,  xiv,  325,  Apr.-June  1912. 

AND    MONOGRAPHS 

16 

STRING    RECORDS 

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INDIAN    NOTES 

NICOLA    VALL 


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AND    MONOGRAPHS 


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Remarks 

Followed  by  a  marker  on  the  unknotted  portion 
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al,  having  furnished  this  one  and  the  pre- 
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Followed  by  a  marker  composed  of  a  tuft  of 
tring  tied  on  the  main  cord  between  groups.  . 
The  last  of  these  groups  has  a  human  hair 
sed  as  a  marker,  which  is  longer,  finer  in  tex- 
ure,  and  a  little  lighter  in  color  than  any  of  the 
thers  yet  recorded. 

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SOME  STRING  RECORDS  OF 
THE  YAKIMA 

BY  M.  R.  HARRINGTON 

A"^  FTER  Mr  Leechman's  paper  was 
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of   the  American   Indian,   Heye 
Foundation,  collected  by  Dr  T.  T.  Water- 
man,  who  was  fortunate   enough   to   get 
nearly  all  the  data  concerning  one  of  them. 
The  record  for  which  we  have  the  data 
(Specimen  4),  which  was  purchased  from  old 
Sally  Jackson,  a  Yakima,  measures  about 
35  ft.  long,  the  first   26  ft.   of  which  are 
made  of  deerskin,  the  remainder  of  twisted 
fiber  cord.    It  contains  some  1,577  simple 
knots,    226   markers   of   red   yarn,    three 
markers  of  blue  yarn,  one  of  green  yarn, 
one  of  pink  yarn,  two  of  dentalium  shell, 
and   three  consisting  of  glass  beads,  one 
yellow,  one  blue,  and  one  red.    In  several 

INDIAN    NOTES 

STRING   RECORDS— LEECHMAN 


6      1      r       2,     d     3  e 


TYPICAL  SECTIONS  OF  STRING  RECORDS  4  AND  6. 
YAKIMA.  WASHINGTON 
(Length  of  sections,  5.5  in.  ) 


YAKIMA 

places  a  single  black  human  hair  is  caught 
in  a  knot,  but  this  is  perhaps  accidental, 
as  no  explanation  of  them  was  given. 

Mrs  Jackson  commenced  the  record  on 
the  death  of  her  husband,  apparently  for 
the  sole  purpose  of  keeping  tally  of  the 
dates  of  deaths  among  her  family,  for  no 
other  events  are  recorded.  Nights  are 
represented  by  plain  knots  arranged  in 
groups  of  seven,  with  considerable  precision 
except  at  the  very  first,  and  after  every 
seventh  knot  is  a  piece  of  red  yarn  tied  on 
to  represent  Sunday,  while  the  other 
markers  represent  the  deaths  as  they 
occurred  (pi.  vi,  b,  c,  d.). 

The  first  red  marker,  however,  records 
the  death  of  her  husband, "Old  Jackson;" 
then  come  five  knots,  and  then  another 
red  marker,  this  one  representing  Sunday, 
as  do  all  of  this  color  thereafter. 

One  week  after  the  loss  of  her  husband, 
one  of  her  sons  also  passed  away,  which 
sad  event  is  recorded  by  a  piece  of  blue 
yarn  tied  between  the  second  and  third 
knots,  by  which  we  may  infer  that  he  died 
on  a  Tuesday.  His  loss  seems  to  have  con- 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


50 


STRING    RECORDS 


fused  her  to  such  an  extent  that  she  gives 
nine  instead  of  seven  nights  to  the  week  of 
his  death,  but  thereafter  the  knots  appear 
in  groups  of  seven  with  strict  regularity. 

After  the  twenty-third  red  marker  fol- 
lowing Jackson's  death  in  the  record,  or 
twenty-three  weeks  later,  occurred  the  death 
of  one  of  Sally's  grandchildren,  represented 
by  a  bead  of  dentalium  shell  about  0.2  in. 
long,  which  seems  to  have  taken  place  on 
Monday,  because  the  bead  is  strung  on  the 
thong  between  the  first  and  second  knots. 
A  little  more  than  a  year  after  the  old  man 
died, — the  day  after  the  56th  Sunday,  to 
be  exact, — a  large  yellow  glass  bead  (pi. 
VI, a)  represents  the  death  of  Sally's  mother; 
while  on  the  Wednesday  after  the  eighty- 
second  Sunday  a  second  short  piece  of  den- 
talium shell  records  the  loss  of  another 
grandchild  (pi.  vi,  c). 

Sally's  sister  died  on  the  99th  Monday, 
according  to  the  record,  as  shown  by  a  piece 
of  blue  yarn  tied  between  the  first  and  sec- 
ond knots  following  the  ninety-ninth  red 
marker;  and  a  few  weeks  later,  the  Friday 
following  the  104th  Sunday, — as  shown  by 


INDIAN    NOTES 


YAKIMA 

a  blue  bead, — she  lost  another  grandchild, 
the  last  relative  she  had  left  in  the  vicinity 
of  her  home. 

More  than  a  year  then  passed  without 
further  bereavement,  but  then  a  piece  of 
green  yarn,  tied  between  the  fifth  and  sixth 
knots  following  the  164th  red"  marker,  tells 
of  the  death  of  another  son,  at  Pendleton, 
Oregon. 

For  ten  weeks  Sally  had  a  respite  from 
bad  news; but  on  the  Friday  after  the  174th 
Sunday  following  her  husband's  decease, 
news  reached  her  of  the  death  of  her  sister's 
daughter  on  Yakima  river,  and  this  was 
recorded  by  a  red  bead  with  a  white  center. 

The  list  of  deaths  as  furnished  by  Dr 
Waterman's  data  ends  with  a  bit  of  blue 
yarn  tied  on  the  thong  between  the  fourth 
and  fifth  knots  following  the  192d  red  Sun- 
day marker,  representing  the  death  of  cer- 
tain of  Sally's  "relatives  on  Dry  creek;" 
but  a  pink  marker  set  in  the  space  desig- 
nating the  following  Thursday  remains 
without  explanation  (pi.  vi,  b). 

The  red  Sunday  markers  end  with  the 
225th;  from  this  point  onward  the  Sunday 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


52 


STRING    RECORDS 


space  between  the  groups  of  knots,  repre- 
senting the  seven  nights  of  the  week, 
remains  bare  (pi.  vi,  a).  These  groups  con- 
tinue for  sixty  weeks  more,  after  which 
but  one  day  is  recorded,  which  was  the 
last  of  June,  1919,  according  to  Dr  Water- 
man's data.  Sally  forgot  to  make  a  knot 
for  July  1st,  and  never  resumed  the  record. 

Counting  back  the  weeks  from  this  date, 
we  find  that  the  death  of  "Old  Jackson" 
must  have  taken  place  about  the  beginning 
of  1914. 

The  second  and  third  records,  which  we 
will  call  Specimens  5  and  6,  respectively, 
were  made  by  an  old  Yakima  woman 
named  Mrs  Luskin,  living  at  Parker  on 
Yakima  river,  but  were  procured  by  Dr 
Waterman  from  Emily  Paul,  also  a  Yakima, 
who  could  not  explain  them  in  detail,  but  said 
that  each  knot  represented  a  day  and  each 
group  of  seven  knots  a  week;  while  the  cloth 
markers  she  thought  represented  "deaths." 

An  examination  of  the  second  example 
(Specimen  5),  which  seems,  like  the  first, 
to  have  been  a  combined  record,  not  only  of 
the  passing  days  and  weeks,  but  of  certain 


INDIAN    NOTES 


YAKIMA 

important  events,  shows  it  to  be  32  ft.  7  in. 
long,  the  first  19  ft.  2  in.  being  deerskin, 
the  remainder  dogbane  fiber.  After  the 
first  knot,  which  stands  alone,  there  are  156 
groups  of  7  knots  each,  then  a  single  terminal 
knot,  making  1,093  knots  in  all.  There  are 
also  38  markers  made  of  rags,  beads  of 
glass  and  dentalium,  deerskin,  yarn,  fiber, 
and  red  thread,  and  one  human  hair  caught 
in  a  knot.  An  examination  of  these  shows 
that  in  the  first  part  of  the  record  the 
markers  occur  on  an  average  of  every 
twenty-nine  days,  and  possibly  therefore 
signify  moons,  as  in  the  case  mentioned  by 
Mr  Leechman,  but  this  system  seems  to 
have  been  purposely  suspended  after  about 
the  15th  moon,  or  some  markers  may  have 
been  lost  from  the  record.  Other  markers 
scattered  among  the  "lunar"  ones,  to  the 
number  of  20,  may  represent  deaths,  or 
perhaps  other  important  events.  Since  the 
record  is  not  a  simple  one,  like  No.  6,  and 
since  we  have  no  explanation  for  it,  as  we 
have  for  No.  4,  the  following  table  is  pre- 
sented to  show  the  exact  arrangement  of  the 
markers  as  they  appear: 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


54 

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AND 

MONOGRAPHS 

58 


STRING    RECORDS 


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INDIAN    NOTES 


YAKIMA 

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INDIAN 

NOTES 

YAKIM A 

The  third  record  (Specimen  6)  is  the  short- 
est of  all,  measuring  only  13  ft.  4  in.  in 
length,  and  is  made  entirely  of  fiber.  It  begins 
in  an  unusual  manner  with  four  small  knots, 
followed  by  a  black  bead,  then  another 
knot,  then  a  bead,  then  a  knot,  then  a  space 
1.8  in.  long,  in  which  are  strung  7  black 
beads  followed  by  a  knot;  then  comes  8  in. 
of  bare  fiber  cord,  then  a  group  of  2  knots, 
after  which  the  groups  of  7  knots  each  run 
to  the  number  of  73,  with  one  group  of  ten 
knots.  After  the  60th  group  the  Sundays 
are  marked  by  blue  "Russian"  beads, 
instead  of  by  the  simple  gaps  between  the 
groups,  and  the  moons  are  indicated 
throughout  by  tufts  of  yarn  (pi.  vi,  e) 
or  rag  placed  at  intervals  of  from  twenty- 
four  to  thirty-two  knots.  Only  six  days  of 
the  last  week  are  recorded,  after  which  the 
string  is  occupied  by  24  green  and  blue  glass 
beads  of  the  "Russian"  variety,  evidently 
intended  for  marking  succeeding  Sundays. 
Nothing  but  the  succession  of  days,  weeks, 
and  moons,  seems  to  have  been  preserved 
in  this  record.  It  seems  purely  chronolog- 
ical, a  "calendar  string,"  unless  the  "moon" 


AND    MONOGRAPHS 


62 


STRING    RECORDS 


markers,  as  suggested  below,  may  have 
another  meaning. 

The  possibility  that  the  use  of  these 
records,  called  iti  ta'mat  by  the  Yakima, 
may  not  be  very  old  among  these  Indians 
is  suggested  by  the  fact  that  all  or  most  of 
them  are  based  on  our  modern  week  of 
seven  days,  which  is  certainly  not  a  native 
concept — yet  the  "moons"  recorded  by 
the  markers  in  some  of  the  strings  are  not 
calendar  months  by  any  means,  but  per- 
haps an  attempt  to  indicate  lunar  months, 
a  native  concept.  Possibly  the  original 
string  records  of  these  tribes  were  concerned 
only  with  days  and  moons.  It  is  interesting 
to  note  that  such  records  seem  to  have  been 
kept  only  by  the  women,  which  fact  leads 
to  a  speculation  as  to  whether  the  so-called 
"lunar  month"  markers  may  not  in  real- 
ity represent  menstrual  periods,  which  would 
account  for  then"  irregularity  of  placement 
(ranging  in  one  record  from  24  to  32  days 
apart)  and  their  entire  absence  from  some 
parts  of  the  records. 

Chronological  if  not  biographical  string 
records  are  not  unknown  in  other  parts  of 


INDIAN    NOTES 


N  O  R  T  H-A  M  E  R  I  C  A  N 

63 

Xorth   America;  Lumholtz,1   for    example, 

reporting  them  from   the  Huichol  Indians 

of    northern    Mexico;    while    Mr   F.   W. 

Hodge  informs  the  writer  that  he  has  seen 

Zuiii  laborers  keep  account  of  each  day's 

work  by  tying  a  knot  in  a  string  carefully 

kept  for  that  purpose. 

1?V                                          "FlY  t 
(\~-^                                         *  cS^*-^ 

\$                               H^Mfc                                  V"/ 

Hill     iff     HP 

FIG.  1.—  Weekly  Calendar  of  the  Kiowa. 

The   writer   has   noticed    the   existence 

among  Indians  in  other  parts  of  the  United 

States  of  other  native  inventions  intended 

particularly  to  help  the  uneducated  mem- 

bers   of   the    tribes    to    "keep    track     of 

Sunday." 

AND    MONOGRAPHS 

64 

STRING    RECORDS 

One  of  them  is  shown  in  fig.  1,  illustrat- 
ing a  method  employed  by  the  Kiowa, 
which  is  merely  to  mark  on  a  convenient 
surface  a  row  of  six  straight  parallel  lines, 
one  for  each  week-day,  and  then  to  draw 
an  eagle-feather  to  represent  Sunday.  On 
the  Sundays  when  the  Peyote  ceremony  is 
enacted,  a  small  "peyote  button"  is  drawn 
above  the  eagle-feather. 

NOTE 

1.  LUMHOLTZ,  CARL,  Unknown  Mexico,  Vol. 
II,  p.  128.  New  York,  1902. 

INDIAN    NOTES 

4  3  5 


L  006  833  571  0 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 

This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last 
date  stamped  below. 


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